Key Historical Developments in Nursing Research Free Essays

Introduction The aim of this paper is to discus key historical developments in nursing research and nursing research utilization. The aforementioned events will be grouped into five categories, namely Nursing Research, Nursing Publications, Emergence of Nursing Schools, Establishment of Research Institutes, and Research Utilization. Two examples per category will be presented. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Historical Developments in Nursing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, the paper will analyze how and to what extent the selected events have influenced nursing research. Nursing Research Many nursing theorists deserve being mentioned in this section, however, the selected ones produced the most significant impact on further nursing research and research utilization. Dorothea E. Orem, the author of Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, began its development in 1950’s. The theory holds that adults are generally expected to perform self-care themselves, but if they fail to do so, nursing should be provided. Another important theory, namely Modeling and Role-Modeling theory, was developed by Tomlin, Swain and Erickson. It was presented in a book, which was first published in 1983. Theoretical models exemplified the need for a new approach to nursing. They showed that nursing, like any other science, should be based on Nursing Publications American Journal of Nursing was first published in 1900. It is believed to be not only the oldest but also the most widely read nursing publication in the world. Slightly more than half a century later the first issue of Nursing Research, the official journal of the Eastern Nursing Research Society and the Western Institute of Nursing, was published in 1951. Professional journals are crucial for knowledge exchange among specialists from the given field. In addition, emergence of nursing journals legitimized nursing research as a separate field of study. Emergence of Nursing Schools Yale School of Nursing established in 1923 was the first autonomous to teach and research nursing issues. In 1956 the Columbia University School of Nursing became first in the country to award a master’s degree in a clinical nursing. All reputable nursing schools focus not only on teaching but also research. As the official website of Yale School of Nursing informs, the school â€Å"relies heavily on its deep tradition of excellence in research† and assures that at â€Å"one of the world’s most distinguished research universities, scholarship reflects the interchange between practice and knowledge† (Yale School of Nursing, 2007, â€Å"Research and Scholarship†). Establishment of Research Institutes Western Institute of Nursing was established in 1957 as the Western Council on Higher Education for Nursing (WCHEN) and given its present name in 1985. It is best known as the organizer of the annual Communicating Nursing Research conference, the older event of such kind in the United States (The Western Institute of Nursing, 2007). The National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) was founded in 1986 and played an important role in further advancement of nursing research by offering funding opportunities and coordinating the effort by many dispersed institutions. Both institutions offer small grants for nursing research and sustain a network of organizations and individuals involved in this research. Research Utilization There are different models of nursing research utilization, which were developed during the last four decades. Developed by the Michigan Nurses Association model referred to as Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) advises determining the credibility of scientific studies before implementation (MacGuire, 2006). Historically, this method can be attributed to 1970s-1980s decades, since the most prominent works advocating this method, namely â€Å"Research utilization as an organizational process† (1978) by Horsley, Crane and Bingle, â€Å"Developing research-based innovation protocols: process, criteria, and issues† (1979) by Haller, Reynolds and Horsley, and â€Å"Using Research to Improve Nursing Practice: A Guide† (1983) by Horsley, Crane, Crabtree and Wood appeared during these decades. The Stetler Model of Research Utilization and Iowa Model for Research in Practice appeared simultaneously in 1994 (Beyea Nicoll, 1997). The first model establishes six-step model for nursing research utilization (preparation, validation, comparative evaluation, decision making, translation and application, and evaluation), while the latter is based on Quality Assurance Model Using Research (1987) and emphasizes multidisciplinary approach to evidence-based healthcare. The emergence of these models provided a clear framework for the implementation of nursing research findings into everyday nursing practice. Conclusion Nursing research and nursing research utilization evolved over the centuries, yet the most important period in the history of nursing research started in the second half of the 20th centuries due to the emergence of scientific theories, specialized publications, nursing schools, and research institutes. References Beyea,  S.C., Nicoll, L.H. (March 1997). â€Å"Research utilization models help disseminate research findings and ultimately improve patient outcomes.† AORN Journal, 65(5), 978-9. MacGuire, J.M. (2006). â€Å"Putting nursing research findings into practice: research utilization as an aspect of the management of change.† Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53 (1), 65-71. Yale School of Nursing. (May 25, 2007). Home Page. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://nursing.yale.edu/ How to cite Key Historical Developments in Nursing Research, Essays

Defintion of integrity Essay Example For Students

Defintion of integrity Essay English 4Kim Nash Definition EssayJanuary 5, 1997 The definition of integrity according to Websters Dictionary is, a rigid adherence to a code of behavior. There are though many ways to look at a persons integrity. A person with integrity possesses many qualities. Three of these qualities are honesty, the ability to follow a moral code, and loyalty to yourself and your beliefs. In The Crucible, a prime example of a person with integrity is Elizabeth Proctor. Elizabeth shows her personal purity when she refuses to persuade her husband to confess to crimes of witchcraft. She refuses because she believes that he is good now in Gods light. God, to her, will show her the right way, and she believes that by following Gods moral code she will be right and just. John Proctor, Elizabeths husband, also shows his integrity when he refuses to confess to crimes of witchcraft. Even though confessing would save his life, he wont confess to a crime he didnt commit. He knows that being dishonest isnt being loyal to his beliefs. In The Crucible, an example of not possessing integrity is also shown. Danforth, is the prime example of having no loyalty towards himselfor his beliefs. Danforth, is the Deputy Governor who convicts the citizens of being witches. When Danforth is asked to pardon the accused, he refuses saying that he cant because twelve have already hung for the same crime, and he refuses to let asnyone off. Even though he knows what is right and that they are innocent he wont because it would ruin the integrity of the court, and his own recitude. Indictment: The McMartin Trial, also has many characters who posses a great sense of integrity. For instance the McMartin family sticks together even when they are being accused of the horrible crime of child molestation. They also will not confess to the crime because they know they are innocent and that it wouldnt be right to say that they were guilty. The McMartins also never give up hope in the rest of the world. They never lose faith in their belief in that truth will always prevail. They keep their uprightness, through everything never giving up and always keeping the faith that if they are loyal to their beliefs in God everything will work out in the end. Fox Moulder, the main character from the TV show the X-Files has a sense of integrity, in that he always does what he believes is right, and what he feels is the truth. No matter what happens in his life he always believes that his sister was abducted by aliens, even though the popular belief is that aliens dont exist. He also doesnt follow the norm in his thinking, he follows the path that he thinks is right. He also never conforms to the popular opinion, he always look for the truth. Integrity shows up in many places and has many faces. The faces of truth, moral code, and loyalty are all parts of integrity and show up everyday in many ways. To have a true sense of integrity one must posses all three. You have to be honest to yourself and to others, follow your personal beliefs and stick to what you think is right, and you have to be loyal to yourself. Integrity is to be truly honest, and fair, and to uphold the beliefs important to you. Category: English .

Written Case Study Blockbuster free essay sample

A naive sahab in India (case inspired and adapted from â€Å"A naive sahab in India† by Charles A. Rarick, of the Andreas School of Business, Barry University, in Cases and Exercises in International Business, Prentice Hall. ) Read the following case and answer the questions in the document â€Å"Bindi_Brake_Company_CaseStudy. pptx† : It was the opportunity of a lifetime, or so Brian Moseley thought, as he accepted a managing position for Aspen Automotive’s new acquisition in India. Aspen Automotive was a supplier to American automobile manufacturers. The recent acquisition of an Indian brake-pad company, the Bindi Brake Company, was seen as a keen strategic move for the company. Aspen thought it would capitalize on the experience and low costs of production found in the New Dehli operation, and it sent Brian Moseley, an experienced automotive engineer, to India in order to â€Å"make the Indians efficient†. Brian and his family quickly adapted to India. We will write a custom essay sample on Written Case Study Blockbuster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although many expatriates from developed countries experience overwhelming culture shock, the Moseleys assimilated well into the expatriate community of New Dehli. With the help of personal assistants and children in private schools, the Moseleys could separate themselves from most of the challenges of everyday life in urban India. Brian knew that his job responsibilities were to turn around the newly acquired Indian operation, and that if he did this within two years, he would be promoted and move back to the US. He felt that this assignment could greatly advance his career. Managers at Aspen’s corporate headquarters felt that the introduction of certain Western managerial practices would be beneficial to Bindi and improve overall efficiency and profitability. Brian was selected to direct organizational change effort because of his past record of accomplishments in the US and abroad. In addition to his successful assignments in the US, he had worked internationally in Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. Aspen felt that his MBA in management from Michigan State, coupled with his previous domestic and international experience, made him a suitable person to direct the Indian productivity improvement strategy. Although Bindi produced reasonably high-quality brake components, and labor costs were low, the overall efficiency of the operation was considerably below that of other Aspen plants. After an initial plant visit, top management concluded that the plant was crippled with bureaucracy and that there was no incentive for exceptional performance. Aspen managers observed what they felt were too many Bindi employees drinking tea and socializing instead of working at a brisk pace. They were also shocked to find that no Bindi employee ever received a performance review and that pay for performance was never even considered by past management. Bindi employees were seldom discharged, even when they were clearly not well suited to their jobs and performed badly. Pay increases and other rewards were administered on the basis of seniority. Employees were often hired, not based on their abilities or potential, but because they were related to a current employee of Bindi. Brian was directed to make the India subsidiary more like the rest of the Aspen corporate family. For the first three months, Brian did little more than observe and learn about Bindi’s current managerial practices. He spoke with managers and employees alike. He identifies employees whom he felt should be replaced and employees he felt had the greatest potential for advancement. Brian met with his senior managers at Bindi and proposed that they collectively formulate a turnaround strategy. All of Bindi’s managers were Indians and most had been educated in Indian universities. One manager, Rajan Patel, had studied in London and received a postgraduate diploma from the University of London in economics. Brian felt that was one of the most promising candidates for advancement, and he hoped that Rajan would take the lead in structuring the change management program. Although Brian had hoped that the Indian managers would formulate a plan for change among themselves, he increasingly became frustrated after a month when no one came forth to recommend a plan. Brian suggested to the group that they consider changes such as pay-for-performance programs, annual performance reviews, management by objectives, and perhaps a 360-degree performance appraisal program. A more scientific and objective approach to management, coupled with a more participative approach would succeed in increasing efficiencies and ultimate success of Bindi. Over the next several months, he became increasingly dissatisfied with the progress of the Indian managers in coming up with a plan for changing their managerial practices. Highly frustrated, he sometimes angrily criticized members of his managerial team in front of their subordinates. The relationship between Brian and his managers became strained; he was being referred to behind his back as â€Å"sahib† or â€Å"big boss†. A throwback to the British colonial days, this term was used in some instances to refer to a manager who had little understanding of Indian culture. One of Brian’s biggest critics was Rajan Patel. Rajan often criticized Brian’s managerial style as being too direct and forceful. On one occasion, Rajan referred to Brian’s tactics as â€Å"culturally imperialistic†. He was concerned that Brian was trying to change India’s culture to fit an American model of management. Although educated in the West, Rajan did not feel than Indian employees were receptive to many Western managerial practices, which ran counter to basic Indian values. After seven months in India, Brian decided that if change were to occur, he would have to be the one to initiate that change. He called his senior managers into his office one morning and told them the following immediate changes. First, Brian announced that C. P Rao would replace Prakash Nur, the assistance plant director and the most senior manager. Rao was a young engineer, educated at an American university. Second, he announced that performance appraisals would begin immediately and that at least two employees in each group work would be eliminated in the interest of the organizational efficiency. Third, a new plan of 360-degree feedback would be implemented: subordinates would evaluate their superiors. All raises would now be based on merit. Finally, all personal assistants would be fired and their responsibilities assumed by the managers themselves. At first, the Indian managers seemed stunned by Brian’s mandates. No one spoke, and a dead silence filled the room. When Brian asked for feedback on his â€Å"recommendations†, the managers looked down at the table in front of them and said nothing. Prakash, who got up and left the room, broke the silence. Later, a few of the managers politely told Brian that the ideas were too bold and too sudden a change for Bindi. Brian angrily responded that the change was too long overdue and that anyone who would not go along with the new plan should leave the company.

Rural Marketing free essay sample

Rural marketing is promotion of a company’s products in the rural markets by using strategies which differ from that of the urban market. The rural market is more price-sensitive. Nature of Rural market:- 1. Large, diverse and scattered market:- Rural marketing in India is large and scattered into a number of regions. There are not many shops available to market products. 2. Major income of rural consumers is from agriculture:- Rural prosperity is interlinked with agricultural prosperity. In the event of crop failure, rural income is directly affected. 3. Traditional outlook:- Villages develop slowly and have a traditional outlook. Change is a continuous process but rural people accept it gradually. This is changing but it is changing, although slowly, due to literacy especially in the youth who have begun to change the outlook in the villages. 4. Standard of living and rising disposable income of the rural customers:- It is known that majority of the rural population lives below the poverty line and has low literacy rate, low savings etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today, rural customers spend money to get value and are aware of the happenings around them. . Rising literary levels:- It is a well documented fact that approximately 45% of rural Indians are literate. Awareness has increased and farmers are well informed about the world around them. They are also educating themselves on the new technology for a better life style. 6. Diverse socio economic background:- Due to differences in geographical areas and uneven land fertility, rural people have different socio- economic backgrounds, which ultimately affect the rural markets. 7. Infrastructure facilities:- Infrastructure facilities like warehouses, communications systems and financial facilities are inadequate in rural areas. Physical distribution is a challenge to marketers who have found innovative ways to market their products. Scope of marketing:- 1. Large population:- According to the 2011 census, 72% of the total population is rural population and it is scattered over a wide range of geographic area. 2. Rising rural prosperity:- Average income level has improved due to modern farming practices, contract farming, industrialization, migration to urban areas etc. . Growth in consumption:- There is a growth in purchasing power of rural consumers. The average per capita house hold expenditure is Rs. 382. 4. Change in lifestyle:- The Lifestyle of rural consumers has changed considerably. 5. Market growth rate higher than urban:- The growth rate of fast moving consumer goods [FMCG] market and durable market is high in rural areas. The rural market share is more than 50% for products lik e cooking oil, hair oil etc. 6. Life cycle advantage:- The products which have attained the stage of maturity in the urban market are still on their stage of growth in the rural market. 7. Rural marketing is not expensive:- Promotion of consumer durables inside a rural market, it costs Rs 1 crore whereas in urban areas it runs into millions. What is rural market? Importance of rural marketing ? Ans:Meaning of rural market:- On account of the green revolution, rural areas are consuming a large quality of industrial and urban manufactured products. In this context a special arketing strategy namely rural marketing has emerged. But often, rural marketing is confused with agricultural marketing – The latter denotes marketing of produce of rural areas to the urban consumers or industrial consumers, whereas rural marketing involves delivering manufactured or processed inputs or services to rural producers or consumers. Importance of rural market:- 1. Large market:- Approximately 75% of India’s population resides in around 6, 38,3 65 villages of India spread over 32,00,000 Sq. kilometer. 41% of India’s middle class resides in rural areas. The Indian rural consumer lives in 6,00,000 villages spread across the country and they account for over 70% of population of the country. For several product categories, rural markets account for over 60% of the national demand. 2. Higher purchasing capacity:- According to a study conducted by â€Å"NCAER† [National Council for Applied Economic Research], there are as many middle income households in the rural areas as there are in the urban areas. There are almost twice as many lower middle income households in rural areas as there are in the urban areas. Because of this purchasing power of power of rural people is on the rise. 3. Market growth:- â€Å"Hariyali kissan bajar† was set up by Sri Ram Consolidated Limited to facilitate scale of agriculture inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides farming equipment, seeds etc. Shakti- through the state governments and NGOs involved in microfinance women entrepreneurs in villages are identified to act as local distribution and sales point for HUL products. 4. ITC:- ITC’s internet enabled rural interface to help scale of agricultural outputs is presently operational in the markets of 6 states and is growing at the rate of 3-4% p. . Define size of rural market and discuss? Ans: According to the census of India, areas that would qualify as being rural must have clear surveyed boundaries without a municipality, corporation or board, and with density of population not more than 400 Sq. km and with at least 75% of the male working population engaged in agricultural activities. Accordin g to this definition there are 6,38,000 villages in the country. Of these villages, 0. 5% have a population of about 10,000 and 2% have a population between 5,000 and 10,000 around 50% have a population which is less than 200. Interestingly, the FMCG and consumer durable companies, any territory that has more than 20,000 amp; 50,000 population respectively do not qualify as being a rural market! According to the census of India 2001, there are more than 4000 towns in the country. It has classified them into 6 categories. Around 400 class-I to towns with 1,00,000 and above population, 498 class-II towns with 50,000-99,999 population, 1,368 class-III towns with 20,000-50,000 population, 1,560 class –IV towns with 10,000-19,999 population It is mainly the class-II amp; class-III towns that markets term as rural. Demographical details of Indian rural market †¢ About 285 million people live in urban India where as 742 million people reside in rural areas. †¢ The No. of middle income amp; high income households in rural India is expected to grow from 46 million to 59 million. †¢ Size of rural market is estimated to be 42 million households and the rural market has been growing at 5 times the rate of the urban market. †¢ More government based rural development programs. †¢ Increase in agricultural productivity leading to growth of rural disposable income. Lowering of difference between taste of urban and rural customers. The Indian rural market with its vast size and demand offers great opportunity to marketers. Our nation is classified in around 450 districts amp; approximately 6, 38,000 villages which can be stored in different parameters such as literacy level, accessibility, income levels, distance from nearest town etc. The rural market accounts for half of the tota l market for TV sets, fans pressure cookers, bicycles, washing soap, tea salt amp; tooth powder. In fact, the rural market for FMCG products is growing much faster than the urban market. Explain the distinction between rural market amp; urban market? Ans: Definition:- Rural marketing is similar to simple marketing. Rural marketing differs only in terms of buyers. Here, the target market consists of customers living in rural areas. Thus rural marketing is application of marketing fundamentals {concepts, principles, theories etc} to rural marketers. Rural marketing is a process of developing, pricing, promoting and distributing rural goods and services leading to desired exchange with rural customers to satisfy their needs and wants, and also to achieve organizational objectives. Differences between rural marketing amp; urban marketing:- Although rural marketing offers immense potential, marketers used to recognise the fact that there are considerable differences in many aspects including the nature, characteristics, buying patterns amp; behavior of rural consumers when compared to urban consumers. While the urban economy thrives mainly on secondary and tertiary activities such as manufacturing amp; services, the rural economy is driven mainly by primary activities such as agriculture, fishing amp; forestry. The consumer demand and consumption patterns also differ across rural and urban areas. In many products, rural consumption now accounts for a larger share than the urban market. In washing soaps the rural share is over 60%. In popular bath soaps it is more than 50% and in batteries it is more than 56% and it is the same case with packed tea and hair oils What are the problems of rural marketing? Ans: The problems of rural marketing are continuing in spite of efforts to improve in the 9th five year plan. The position is improving but slowly. The rural marketer has many challenges. But the vast amp; expanding markets call for good marketing strategists to create win-win situations to all parties in the chain of rural marketing. The problems of rural marketing are as follows:- Under-Developed Population Under-Developed market Improper communication facilities Many Languages Vast amp; uneven spread Low Per-Capita income Poor Infrastructure Facilities Seasonal Demand Fewer distribution channel 1. Under-Developed Population:- Rural society is bounded by tradition, old customs and practices. The impact of modern science amp; technology has made very few changes as the old beliefs are still continuing. . Under-Developed Market:- Rural markets are not developing as much as they should owing to inadequate banking amp; credit facilities. Rural market needs banks to enable remittance, to transact on credit basis and to obtain credit support from the bank. At present every 48th village in India has a bank. 3. Poor or Improper Communication Facilities:- Most villages even today largely depend on telegrams and phones for their communication needs. Print media and visual media [Television, cinema, etc] reaches only about 20% of rural Indians. 4. Many languages:- India is a country of many languages. Language becomes a barrier in effective communication in the marketing efforts. The languages vary from state to state, place to place, district to district, etc. There are now 18 scheduled national languages. 5. Vastness amp; unevenly spread:- Rural market consists of approximately 75 crore rural consumers spread across approximately 6,38,365 villages. Despite urban migration, the rural areas still have a sizeable population. 6. Low per capital income:- Most farmers have small lands. This results in low per capita income. And low per capita income results in low consumption pattern as compared to the urban population.

Cultural and Ethnic Studies Term Paper Guide for Students Who Need Help

Cultural and Ethnic Studies Term Paper Guide for Students Who Need Help When writing a cultural and ethnic studies term paper, it is essential that you learn the subject matter of the term paper to write the right terminologies and have a holistic approach of what the paper will entail. Tutors in colleges give term papers to students in the course of a school period, which is combined with the rest of the semesters coursework. You can also be assigned a term paper to assess and track expected knowledge outcomes about cultural and ethnic studies courses. Term papers in cultural and ethnic studies are for a specific purpose. Your cultural and ethnic term paper should focus on a single topic or interrelated topics in culture and ethnic studies and must be organized, well-written, coherent, logical, and well researched to reflect your knowledge of the chosen topic, and the area of study. The term paper should be precise and follow the guidelines of the professor. In some cases, when writing term papers in cultural and ethnic studies, the professor might present you with a few topics to choose from, whereas, in other cases, they might let you choose a topic for yourself. In such a case, you need to have an understanding of the way to select an ideal topic for your cultural and ethnic studies paper. All in all, writing of a term paper might be challenging but this cultural and ethnic studies guide will help you write your paper with ease. Selecting a Topic for Cultural and Ethnic Studies There are various issues that you should consider when choosing a topic for a term paper in cultural and ethnic studies, they include: Length of the paper: a term paper in cultural and ethnic studies should have a foundation to guide the writing of the paper. The subject area is wide and entails various things that are intertwined with tradition and the various practices that are undertaken by different ethnic groups. Having a wide variety of cultures, it is advisable for the scholar to first determine the length of the paper as a guide to what topic to write about. Determination of the length of the paper makes it easy to choose the topic to write about. If the paper is long, it is advisable you choose a topic, which is broad, and if the paper is short you choose a narrow topic. Therefore, it is essential to note that the length of the paper is one of the primary determinants of the topic to write about cultural and ethnic studies. Topic complexity: it is good that you choose a topic that you can handle. In this case, it should be within your understanding. Topics in cultural and ethnic studies term papers are complex depending on what level of study one is at for example, there is a difference in the content that is covered in college, undergraduate or postgraduate studies. To reduce the stress level that can be induced by confusion by a topic that you are not conversant with, chose a topic that you are conversant with and that you can write about with a lot of ease. If having difficulty with your topic, allow your instructor to explain and help you clarify certain areas of the topic you are interested in but that you find to be complex. Examples of topics in cultural and ethnic studies include: The importance of ethnic studies in the society Discuss the connection between racial affiliation and ethnocentrism Explore the components of critical race theory Examine how gender interacts with other social identities to shape bias Examine the interaction between race and prejudice in American literature. Describe what a biracial couple is Access to resources: Before you make a final decision on choosing a cultural and ethnic studies topic, it is a good idea to assess the resource availability. Don’t hesitate to check it in advance rather than suffering from the lack of reliable resources to refer to during the writing process later. Don’t choose the topic of cultural and ethnic issues that are limited in resources to use in a term paper. The sources of information that you can rely on are divided into primary, secondary, or tertiary, It is crucial to find the reliable sources of information. Luckily, you can do it without going far from your computer. Just check out some online databases and decide if the topic won’t cause any additional stress in searching for the information required. Consider various cultural and ethnic-related news articles so that you can highlight different perspectives concerning some current cultural and ethnic issues. Pre-Writing Tips You Should Consider After the topic is chosen, you aren’t ready to write a term paper itself. Know why? No valuable idea is found or well-researched. Don’t hurry to start writing a term paper immediately. You’ll find it easier to write your cultural and ethnic studies term paper if you create an outline first. Primarily, you need to think carefully about what questions are to be answered in your paper so that it will have any research interest. For that purpose, it is better to try out planning, brainstorming, clustering, and outlining techniques that would ensure you write a good term paper on cultural and ethnic studies. These pre-writing steps will make it easy for you to arrange all your ideas in a systematic way: Planning is a stage at which you need to set dates and even particular time frames to start and finish working on a term paper and its parts. Stick to this schedule during the whole writing process no procrastination, and the final success will be assured! Proper planning helps most people work faster as they know what to work on, in what way and during what time to work on each part of the work. Researching the topic is vital as it allows you to know what has already been written on the topic and what arguments you can add or counter. For this, you need to know where the good sources of sources of information may be. Remember that while choosing a topic, you are supposed to do some preliminary research? If you take it seriously, be sure you are ahead now. Just plunge into those resources extensively to find something valuable for the topic of your term paper. Brainstorming is a stage that helps you develop some valuable research ideas. This way, you avoid the situations when you’re stuck and don’t know what to write next. Use various brainstorming techniques for the best results in the following order researching, note-taking, mind mapping, freewriting. Due to these procedures, you will increase the understanding of the subject matter. Besides, it will allow you to write a term paper almost effortlessly as there will be valuable ideas to include in your term paper. How to Develop a Strong Thesis Statement Every academic paper is supposed to have the main idea on which the topic and its investigation are based. Moreover, a well-developed thesis statement serves as a roadmap for the readers who are interested in the topic of your term paper as they will know what to expect from the particular paper. And your instructor would like to read a well-written term paper and assess it accordingly. So start impressing your instructor with a good thesis statement. How to create a strong thesis statement? Easily if you apply the following cultural and ethnic studies term paper tips: Think of disputable claims about your topic you could state; Inform the readers about your opinion about the topic with the help of strong evidence you will explore in the paper; Avoid vague words and expressions to be as clear and specific as possible in your thesis statement. If the term paper is about African American culture and society, the thesis statement should provide an argument showing the impact of the African-American culture on the society. A thesis statement may look like: â€Å"African Americans form one of the biggest ethnic groups in the United States that allows them to make lasting contributions to American culture.† How to Write a Term Paper Outline You can’t write a term paper as you want. Yes, you can be creative and original in term paper writing, but all the academic papers must have a sense of structure. Your cultural and ethnic studies term paper is no exception. Make the content of your term paper well-structured with the help of an outline. What elements to include? Look! An introduction is that your term paper starts with and you should start with as well. Explain what aspects your research topic entails, what the purpose of writing a term paper, Besides, provide the background information so that your readers will understand the topic fully immediately in the beginning of reading the introduction of your term paper. It doesn’t mean that writing an introduction first implies finishing it first as well. Be ready to come back to the introduction again and again while working on the body. Keep in mind that the thesis statement is written in the introduction. And so it should be stated. Then pass on writing the next parts of your term paper. Body sections are the main parts of your term paper that require a lot of work from you as a researcher. Start with the topic sentence for each physical paragraph. As a rule, each paragraph deals with one main idea relevant to your thesis statement. Then you need to broaden each paragraph with additional points, subpoints and other supporting details like examples, findings, etc. Use the material you manage to gather at the prewriting stage. Here you are the fruits of your work at the beginning. The conclusion is a part that your term paper ends up with. So it should be summing-up and logical for your readers. Return to your thesis statement and introduction and state what you manage to do in the role of a researcher. In the end, you can offer the key findings, courses of action, solutions to research problems. After you find out what elements your term paper involves, it is a good idea to start outlining. There are many ways to outline alphanumeric, full-sentence, decimal ones. It’s up to you what is more convenient for you. But don’t skip this step anyway. How to Finish Working on a Term Paper Now, look at what you’ve written, and answer if the required word/page count is met, all the ideas are relevant to the research topic and presented logically, and all the references and in-text citations are edited as required. Don’t be afraid of revising the whole term paper as it guarantees you the high chances to get the desired mark. Dreaming about the best grade ever? Follow our post-writing tips to come close to this result: Read your term paper so that each sentence makes sense to the given topic. It is crucial to read a paper aloud to notice any possible ambiguity of the content or the slightest errors in grammar or sentence structure. Due to reading aloud, most misused or missing words are often found. Don’t allow yourself to miss any important word in a term paper. Use additional digital tools to make sure that there are no spelling, grammar or punctuation mistakes. With the beginning of the digital age, people enjoy making machines do everything for them. Simple checking of spelling is also can be trusted to your PC. Even if you have no time to reread your term paper, a computer can do it for you while you are cooking or eating, for example. Find out how to make your computer read documents to you and take advantage of it shortly. Edit your term paper according to the necessary formatting style, be it APA, MLA or Harvard. Formatting is an extremely important process in the academic fields. The credibility and readability of your term paper depend on the way you format it whether it will be done properly or not. So if your instructor specifies the formatting style requirements for a term paper, check them before submitting your final paper. Don’t tend to think, â€Å"My paper is fine as it is.† Your paper will be fine when you follow this guide from the beginning to the end. Enjoy the writing process and get the desired results for that!

Volkswagen AG company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Volkswagen AG company - Essay Example It is also believed that good companies should not only use the resources of the society in which they work, but also give back. So, in addition to driving social progress and affluence, as Werther and Chandler (2010, 4) outline, companies are supposed to include social initiatives into their strategies. This should ensure a better economic performance of the company because consumers and stakeholders of the business are more loyal to socially responsible and socially responsive organizations. CRS, therefore, should be in the basis of all the economic, legal and ethical actions of a successful organization (Werther and Chandler 2010, 8). With this in mind it is interesting to analyze how in particular large organizations fulfill their CSR and sustainability plans and promises. This paper, therefore, will present an overview of CSR initiatives of Volkswagen AG company, and will try to determine how effectively the company fulfills its sustainability and responsibility, as Volkswagenâ €™s website suggests (www.volkswagenag.com), promises. The case for the Volkswagen Group The Volkswagen Group has its main headquarters in Wolfsburg (Germany) and operates 62 plants that produce cars in 15 countries of Europe (The Group). The company views itself as a global player with German roots. Consequently, since Volkswagen sells its cars all over the world, the company’s CSR goals are also global. Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini and Scania are the brands that support the overall Group’s vision of creating value. The CSR philosophy of Volkswagen Group is that social responsibility can be achieved by means of increasing corporate value. At the same time, Volkswagen believes that stable and sustainable success of the company can be achieved only with the help of social responsibility (Walther et al. 2007, 201). Since 1997 the company started to modify its relations with employees and managed to save 30,000 jobs in the early 1990s after reorganizing the company’s working-hour model (Institute for Corporate Culture Affairs 2006, 310). The business managed to agree with its employees their working longer hours when the company has many production orders, and shorter hours when the number of orders is lower. The company then continued increasing the workholder value – employees of Volkswagen have an ability to invest parts of their wages into â€Å"time asset bonds† that are invested in the capital market (Walther et al. 2007, 202). This allows people to shape their retirement. Volkswagen is also one of 1700 companies (out of 70  000 multinational corporations) that voluntary agreed to comply with the Global Compact principles that encourage business to respect human right, lead non-discriminatory activities, fight corruption, protect environment and so on (Institute for Corporate Culture Affairs 2006, 312). Volkswagen promotes employee rights in terms of min imum standards, non-discrimination, skill enhancement programs (Sinzig 2010, 17). The company offers to its employees training in vocational and international groups. The company has a separate department, AutoUni, which is responsible for knowledge sharing and skills transfer among the 399,381 employees of the organization (The AutoUni 2011). As for the environmental

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument - Essay Example She also wrote the poem â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who Are You?†, a simple and straightforward poem. The aim of this paper is to analyze the poetic style used in this poem in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. Furthermore, it would concentrate on analyzing the meaning of the poem. Overview â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are You?† has been written by Emily Dickinson. It is short, simple and straightforward but has a deep meaning. The selection of the word â€Å"Nobody† in the title demonstrate that Dickinson was a nobody and she preferred to be that. It signifies that she loved to spent time in isolation and doing her house chores. It also demonstrates that she loved her gardens and she enjoyed reading as well as writing. The poem itself is considered to represent her isolated and secluded life. â€Å""I'm Nobody! Who are you?" is a direct reflection of Dickinson's ideals on life† (Habegger, 2001). â€Å"Are you—Nobody—too?† demonstrates the fact that Dickinson wanted to have another person, who would be just like her, that is, a nobody, with whom she can spent the rest of her life with. Majority of the poets and literary critics â€Å"have connected to Dickinson as being the "love" she spoke of in her poems are people to whom she corresponded with by letters, men and women alike† (Habegger, 2001).